Hot-melt adhesive

Hot melt adhesive (HMA), also known as hot glue, is a form of thermoplastic adhesive that is commonly supplied in solid cylindrical sticks of various diameters, designed to be melted in an electric hot glue gun. The gun uses a continuous-duty heating element to melt the plastic glue, which may be pushed through the gun by a mechanical trigger mechanism, or directly by the user. The glue squeezed out of the heated nozzle is initially hot enough to burn and blister skin. The glue is tacky when hot, and solidifies in a few seconds to one minute. Hot melt adhesives can also be applied by dipping or spraying.

In industrial use, hot melt adhesives provide several advantages over solvent-based adhesives. Volatile organic compounds are reduced or eliminated, and the drying or curing step is eliminated. Hot melt adhesives have long shelf life and usually can be disposed of without special precautions. Some of the disadvantages involve thermal load of the substrate, limiting use to substrates not sensitive to higher temperatures, and loss of bond strength at higher temperatures, up to complete melting of the adhesive. This can be reduced by using a reactive adhesive that after solidifying undergoes further curing e.g. by moisture (e.g. reactive urethanes and silicones), or is cured by ultraviolet radiation. Some HMAs may not be resistant to chemical attacks and weathering. HMAs do not lose thickness during solidifying; solvent-based adhesives may lose up to 50-70% of layer thickness during drying.^[1]

Glue sticks

Glue sticks are manufactured in several diameters for different glue guns. The most-used size has a diameter of 11 millimetres (0.43 in). Sticks are available in various lengths, from about 10 centimetres (3.9 in) up, although guns will accept sticks of any length. Thinner 7 mm (0.28 in) sticks are also used. Hot-melt and low temperature glue sticks are available for different types of guns, and some dual-use sticks melt at low temperatures but can be used at high temperatures without degradation. Hot melt adhesives are also available as granules, powder, slats, blocks, foils, ribbons, and solutions.

For household use, only a few types of stick are available, and they are more or less interchangeable. For industrial use, many types of sticks are available for special purposes, with the most common diameters being 12 mm (0.47 in), 15 mm (0.59 in), and 45 mm (1.8 in). Compositions resistant to plasticizers, usually based on polyamides, are needed for gluing PVC. Sticks have different open time and set time, varying from a few seconds to several minutes. The times depend on glue temperature, substrate, rate of heat loss from the glue mass, etc.^[2] A range of values of viscosity and heat resistance of the bond are available.

Important properties

The hot-melt adhesives have a number of important properties, making them suitable for different applications:

• Open time, the working time to make a bond, where the surface still retains sufficient tack, can range from seconds for fast-setting HMAs to infinity for pressure-sensitive adhesives
• Set time, time to form a bond of acceptable strength
• Bond-formation temperature, minimum temperature below which sufficient wetting of substrates do not occur
• Melt viscosity, one of the most important properties. Influences the spread of applied adhesive, and the wetting of the surfaces. Temperature-dependent, higher temperature lowers viscosity.
• Melt flow index, a value inversely proportional to the molecular weight of the base polymer. High melt flow index adhesives are easy to apply but have poor mechanical properties due to short polymer chains. Low melt flow index adhesives have better properties but are more difficult to apply.
• Surface energy, which influences wetting of different kinds of surfaces.
• Pot life stability, the degree of stability in molten state, the tendency to decompose and char. Important for industrial processing where the adhesives are molten for prolonged periods before deposition.
• Tack, the degree of surface stickiness of the adhesive; influences the strength of the bond between wetted surfaces.

Materials used

Hot glue sticks are usually based on one or more base material, with various additives. The composition is usually formulated to have glass transition temperature (onset of brittleness) below the lowest service temperature and a suitably high melt temperature. The degree of crystallization should be as high as possible but within limits of allowed shrinkage. The melt viscosity and the crystallization rate (and corresponding open time) can be tailored for the application. Faster crystallization rate usually implies higher bond strength. To reach the properties of semicrystalline polymers, amorphous polymers would require too high molecular weights and therefore unreasonably high melt viscosity; the use of amorphous polymers in hot melt adhesives is therefore usually only as modifiers and additives. Some polymers can form hydrogen bonds between the chains, forming pseudo-cross-links strengthening the polymer.^[3]

The nature of the polymer and the tackifier additive influences the nature of mutual molecular interaction and interaction with the substrate; e.g. the EVA together with terpene-phenol resin (TPR) tackifiers display acid-base interactions between the carbonyl groups of vinyl acetate and hydroxyl groups of TPR, complexes are formed between phenolic rings of TPR and hydroxyl groups on the surface of aluminium substrates, and interactions between carbonyl groups and silanol groups on surfaces of glass substrates are formed.^[4] Polar groups, hydroxyls and amine groups can form acid-base and hydrogen bonds with polar groups on substrates like paper or wood or natural fibers. Nonpolar polyolefin chains interact well with nonpolar substrates. Good wetting of the substrate is essential for forming a satisfying bond between the adhesive and the substrate. More polar compositions tend to have better adhesion due to their higher surface energy. Amorphous adhesives deform easily, tend to dissipate most of mechanical strain within their structure, passing only small loads on the adhesive-substrate interface; even a relatively weak nonpolar-nonpolar surface interaction can then form a fairly strong bond prone primarily to a cohesive failure. The distribution of molecular weights and degree of crystallinity influences the width of melting temperature range. Polymers with crystalline nature tend to be more rigid and have higher cohesive strength than the corresponding amorphous ones, but also transfer more strain to the adhesive-substrate interface. Higher molecular weight of the polymer chains provides higher tensile strength and heat resistance. Presence of unsaturated bonds makes the adhesive more susceptible to autoxidation and UV degradation and necessitates use of antioxidants and stabilizers.

The adhesives are usually clear or translucent, colorless, straw-colored, tan, or amber. Pigmented versions are also made. Materials containing polar groups, aromatic systems, and double and triple bonds tend to appear darker than non-polar fully saturated substances; when a water-clear appearance is desired, suitable polymers and additives, e.g. hydrogenated tackifying resins, have to be used.^[5]

Increase of bond strength and service temperature can be achieved by formation of cross-links in the polymer after solidification. This can be achieved by using polymers undergoing curing with residual moisture (e.g. reactive polyurethanes, silicones), exposition to ultraviolet radiation, electron irradiation, or by other methods.

Resistance to water and solvents is critical in some applications. E.g. in textile industry, resistance to dry cleaning solvents may be required. Permeability to gases and water vapor may or may not be desirable. Non-toxicity of both the base materials and additives and absence of odors is important for food packaging.

Mass consumption articles, e.g. diapers and hygienic products, necessitate development of biodegradable HMAs. Research is being performed on e.g. lactic acid polyesters,^[6] polycaprolactone with soy protein,^[7] etc.

Some of the possible base materials are:^[8]

• Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers, low-performance, the low-cost and most common material for the glue sticks (e.g. the light amber colored Thermogrip GS51, GS52, and GS53).^[9] They provide sufficient strength between 30-50 °C but are limited below 60-80°C and have low creep resistance under load. The vinyl acetate monomer content is about 18–29 percent by weight of the polymer. High amounts of tackifiers and waxes are often used; an example composition is 30-40% of EVA copolymer (provides strength and toughness), 30-40% of tackifier resin (improves wetting and tack), 20-30% of wax (usually paraffin-based; reduces viscosity, alters setting speed, reduces cost), and 0.5-1% of stabilizers.^[10] Fillers can be added for special applications. Can be formulated for service temperatures ranging from -40°C to +80°C, and for both short and long open times and a wide range of melt viscosities. High stability at elevated temperatures and resistance to ultraviolet radiation, which can be further enhanced with suitable stabilizers. High vinylacetate content can serve for formulating a hot-melt pressure sensitive adhesive (HMPSA). EVA formulations are compatible with paraffin. EVA was the base for the original hot melt composition. The composition of the copolymer influences its properties; increased content of ethylene promotes adhesion to nonpolar substrates, e.g. polyethylene, while increased content of vinyl acetate promotes adhesion to polar substrates, e.g. paper. Higher ethylene content also increases mechanical strength, block resistance, and paraffin solubility. Higher vinyl acetate content provides higher flexibility, adhesion, hot tack, and better low-temperature performance. Adhesive grade EVA usually contains 14-35% vinyl acetate. Lower molecular weight chains provide lower melt viscosity, better wetting, and better adhesion to porous surfaces. Higher molecular weights provide better cohesion at elevated temperatures and better low-temperature behavior.^[11] Increased ratio of vinyl acetate lowers the crystallinity of the material, improves optical clarity, flexibility and toughness, and worsens resistance to solvents. EVA can be crosslinked by e.g. peroxides, yielding a thermosetting material.^[12] EVAs can be compounded with aromatic hydrocarbon resins.^[13] Grafting butadiene to EVA improves its adhesion.^[14] Its dielectric properties are poor due to high content of polar groups, the dielectric loss is moderately high. Polypropylene HMAs are a better choice for high-frequency electronics.^[15] EVAs are optically clearer and more gas and vapor permeable than polyolefins. Nearly half of EVA HMAs is used in packaging applications. Cryogenic grinding of EVAs can provide small, water-dispersible particles for heat-seal applications. EVA can degrade primarily by loss of acetic acid and formation of a double bond in the chain, and by oxidative degradation.^[16] EVA can be compounded into a wide range of HMAs, from soft pressure-sensitive adhesives to rigid structural adhesives for furniture construction.
  • Ethylene-acrylate copolymers have lower glass transition temperature and higher adhesion even to difficult substrates than EVA. Better thermal resistance, increased adhesion to metals and glass. Suitable for low temperature use. Ethylene-vinylacetate-maleic anhydride and ethylene-acrylate-maleic anhydride terpolymers offer very high performance.^[17] Examples are ethylene n-butyl acrylate (EnBA), ethylene-acrylic acid (EAA) and ethylene-ethyl acetate (EEA).
• Polyolefins (PO) (polyethylene (usually LDPE but also HDPE; HDPE has higher melting point and better temperature resistance), atactic polypropylene (PP or APP), polybutene-1, oxidized polyethylene, etc.), low-performance, for difficult-to-bond plastics. Very good adhesion to polypropylene, good moisture barrier, chemical resistance against polar solvents and solutions of acids, bases, and alcohols. Longer open time in comparison with EVA and polyamides.^[18] Polyolefins have low surface energy and provide good wetting of most metals and polymers. Polyolefins made by metallocene catalyzed synthesis have narrow distribution of molecular weight and correspondingly narrow melting temperature range. Due to the relatively high crystallinity, polyethylene-based glues tend to be opaque and, depending on additives, white or yellowish. Polyethylene hot melts have high pot life stability, are not prone to charring, and are suitable for moderate temperature ranges and on porous non-flexible substrates. Nitrogen or carbon dioxide can be introduced into the melt, forming a foam which increases spreading and open time and decreases transfer of heat to the substrate, allowing use of more heat-sensitive substrates; polyethylene-based HMAs are usually used. Foamable HMAs are available on the market since 1981. Amorphous polypropylene HMAs have good dielectric properties, making them suitable for use at high frequencies. PE and APP are usually used on their own or with just a small amount of tackifiers (usually hydrocarbons) and waxes (usually paraffins or microcrystalline waxes, for lower cost, improved anti-blocking, and altered open time and softening temperature). The molecular weight of the polymer is usually lower. Lower molecular weights provide better low-temperature performance and higher flexibility, higher molecular weights increase the seal strength, hot tack, and melt viscosity.^[19]
  • Polybutene-1 and its copolymers are soft and flexible, tough, partially crystalline, and slowly crystallizing with long open times. The low temperature of recrystallization allows for stress release during formation of the bond. Good bonding to nonpolar surfaces, worse bonding to polar ones. Good for rubber substrates. Can be formulated as pressure-sensitive.^[20]
  • Amorphous polyolefin (APO/APAO) polymers are compatible with many solvents, tackifiers, waxes, and polymers; they find wide use in many adhesive applications. APO hot melts have good fuel and acid resistance, moderate heat resistance, are tacky, soft and flexible, have good adhesion and longer open times than crystalline polyolefins. APOs tend to have lower melt viscosity, better adhesion, longer open times and slow set times than comparable EVAs. Some APOs can be used alone, but often they are compounded with tackifiers, waxes, and plasticizers (e.g. mineral oil, poly-butene oil). Examples of APOs are e.g. amorphous (atactic) propylene (APP), amorphous propylene/ethylene (APE), amorphous propylene/butene (APB), amorphous propylene/hexene (APH), amorphous propylene/ethylene/butene. APP is harder than APE, which is harder than APB, which is harder than APH, in accordance with decreasing crystallinity. APOs show relatively low cohesion, the entangled polymer chains have fairly high degree of freedom of movement. Under mechanical load, most of the strain is dissipated by elongation and disentanglement of polymer chains, and only a small fraction reaches the adhesive-substrate interface. Cohesive failure is therefore a more common failure mode of APOs.^[21]
• Polyamides and polyesters, high-performance
  • Polyamides (PA), high-performance, for severe environments; high-temperature glues; typically applied at over 200 °C, but can degrade and char during processing. In molten state can somewhat degrade by atmospheric oxygen. High application temperature. High range of service temperatures, generally showing adequate bonding from -40 to 70°C; some compositions allow operation to 185°C if they do not have to carry load. Resistant to plasticizers, therefore suitable for gluing polyvinyl chloride; only polyamides derived from secondary diamines however provide a satisfying bond.^[22] Resistant to oils and gasoline. Good adhesion to many substrates, e.g. metal, wood, vinyl, ABS, and treated polyethylene and polypropylene. Some formulations are UL-approved for electrical applications requiring reduced flammability. Three groups are employed, with low, intermediate, and high molecular weight; the low MW ones are low-temperature melting and easy to apply, but have lower tensile strength, lower tensile-shear strength, and lower elongation than the high-MW ones. The high-MW ones require sophisticated extruders and are used as high-performance structural adhesives. The presence of hydrogen bonds between the polymer chains gives polyamides a high strength at even low molecular weights, in comparison with other polymers. Hydrogen bonds also provide retention of most of the adhesive strength up almost to the melting point; however they also make the material more susceptible to permeation of moisture in comparison with polyesters. Can be formulated as soft and tacky or as hard and rigid. Niche applications, together with polyesters taking less than 10% of total volume of hot melt adhesives market. Absorption of moisture may lead to foaming during application as water evaporates during melting, leaving voids in the adhesive layer which degrade mechanical strength. Polyamide HMAs are usually composed of a dimer acid with often two or more different diamines. The dimer acid usually presents 60-80% of the total polyamide mass, and provides amorphous nonpolar character. Linear aliphatic amines, e.g. ethylene diamine and hexamethylene diamine, provide hardness and strength. Longer chain amines, e.g. dimer amine, reduce the amount of hydrogen bonds per volume of material, resulting in lower stiffness. Polyether diamines provide good low-temperature flexibility. Piperazine and similar diamines also reduce the number of hydrogen bonds. Only polyamides based on piperazine and similar secondary amines form satisfactory bond with polyvinyl chloride; primary amines form stronger hydrogen bonds within the adhesive, secondary amines can act only as proton acceptors, don't form hydrogen bonds within the polyamide, and are therefore free to form weaker bonds with vinyl, probably with the hydrogen atom adjacent to the chlorine.^[22]
  • Polyesters, similar to the ones used for synthetic fibers. High application temperature. Synthetized from a diol and a dicarboxylic acid. The length of the diol chain has major influence to the material's properties; with increasing diol chain length the melting point increases, the crystallization rate increases, and the degree of crystallization decreases. Both the diol and acid influence the melting point. In comparison with similar polyamides, due to absence of hydrogen bonds, polyesters have lower strength and melting point, but are much more resistant to moisture, though still susceptible. In other parameters, and in applications where these factors do not play a role, polyesters and polyamides are very similar. Polyesters are often used for bonding fabrics. They can be used on their own, or blended with large amounts of additives. They are used where high tensile strength and high temperature resistance are needed. Most polyester hot melt adhesives have high degree of crystallinity. Niche applications, together with polyamides taking less than 10% of total volume of hot melt adhesives market. Water-dispersible amorphous polymers, modified by addition of sodium sulfonate groups for dispersability, were however developed for repulpable adhesives.^[23] Polyesters are often highly crystalline, leading to narrow melting temperature range, which is advantageous for high-speed bonding.
• Polyurethanes
  • Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) offer good adhesion to different surfaces due to presence of polar groups. Their low glass transition temperature provides flexibility at low temperatures. They are highly elastic and soft, with wide possible crystallization and melting point ranges. Polyurethanes consist of long linear chains with flexible, soft segments (diisocyanate-coupled low-melting polyester or polyether chains) alternating with rigid segments (diurethane bridges resulting from diisocyanate reacting with a small-molecule glycol chain extender). The rigid segments form hydrogen bonds with rigid segments of other molecules. Higher ratio of soft to hard segments provides better flexibility, elongation, and low-temperature performance, but also lower hardness, modulus, and abrasion resistance. The bonding temperature is lower than with most other HMAs, only about 50-70 °C, when the adhesive behaves as a soft rubber acting as a pressure-sensitive adhesive. The surface wetting in this amorphous state is good, and on cooling the polymer crystallizes, forming a strong flexible bond with high cohesion. Choice of a proper diisocyanate and polyol combination allows tailoring the polyuretane properties; they can be used on their own or blended with a plasticizer. Polyurethanes are compatible with most common plasticizers, and many resins.^[24]
  • Polyurethanes (PUR), or reactive urethanes, for high temperatures and high flexibility. New type of hot melt thermosetting adhesives, introduced in early 1990s. Solidification can be rapid or extended in range of several minutes; secondary curing with atmospheric or substrate moisture then continues for several hours, forming cross-links in the polymer. Excellent resistance to solvents and chemicals. Low application temperature, suitable for heat-sensitive substrates. Heat-resistant after curing, with service temperatures generally from -30°C to +150°C. Ink-solvent resistant. Often used in bookbinding, automotive, aerospace, filter and plastic bag applications. Susceptible to UV degradation causing discoloring and degradation of mechanical properties, requires blending with UV stabilizers and antioxidants.^[25] Usually based on prepolymers made of polyols and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) or other diisocyanate, with small amount of free isocyanate groups; these groups when subjected to moisture react and cross-link. The uncured solidified "green" strength tends to be low than non-reactive HMAs, mechanical strength develops with curing. Green strength can be improved by blending the prepolymer with other polymers.^[26]
• Styrene block copolymers (SBC), also called styrene copolymer adhesives and rubber-based adhesives, have good low-temperature flexibility, high elongation, and high heat resistance. Frequently used in pressure sensitive adhesive applications, where the composition retains tack even when solidified; however non-pressure-sensitive formulations are also used. High heat resistance, good low-temperature flexibility.^[27] Lower strength than polyesters. They usually have A-B-A structure, with an elastic rubber segment between two rigid plastic endblocks. High-strength film formers as standalone, increase cohesion and viscosity as an additive. Water-resistant, soluble in some organic solvents; cross-linking improves solvent resistance. Resins associating with endblocks (cumarone-indene, α-methyl styrene, vinyl toluene, aromatic hydrocarbons, etc.) improve adhesion and alter viscosity. Resins associating to the midblocks (aliphatic olefins, rosin esters, polyterpenes, terpene phenolics) improve adhesion, processing and pressure-sensitive properties. Addition of plasticizers reduces cost, improves pressure-sensitive tack, decrease melt viscosity, decrease hardness, and improve low-temperature flexibility. The A-B-A structure promotes a phase separation of the polymer, binding together the endblocks, with the central elastic parts acting as cross-links; SBCs do not require additional cross-linking.^[28]
  • Styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS), used in high-strength PSA applications
  • Styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS), used in low-viscosity high-tack PSA applications
  • Styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene (SEBS), used in low self-adhering non-woven applications
  • Styrene-ethylene/propylene (SEP)
• Polycaprolactone with soy protein, using coconut oil as plasticizer, a biodegradable hot-melt adhesive investigated at Korea University
• Polycarbonates^[29]
• Fluoropolymers, with tackifiers and ethylene copolymer with polar groups^[30]
• Silicone rubbers, undergo cross-linking after solidification, form durable flexible UV and weather resistant silicone sealant^[31]
• Thermoplastic elastomers
• Polypyrrole (PPY), a conductive polymer, for intrinsically conducting hot melt adhesives (ICHMAs), used for EMI shielding.^[32] EVA compounded with 0.1-0.5 wt.% PPY are strongly absorbing in near infrared, allowing use as near-infrared activated adhesives.^[33]
• various other copolymers

The usual additives are:^[34]

• tackifying resins (e.g. rosins and their derivates, terpenes and modified terpenes, aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and aromatic resins (C5 aliphatic resins, C9 aromatic resins, and C5/C9 aliphatic/aromatic resins), hydrogenated hydrocarbon resins, and their mixtures, terpene-phenol resins (TPR, used often with EVAs)), up to about 40%^[35] Tackifiers tend to have low molecular weight, and glass transition and softening temperature above room temperature, providing them with suitable viscoelastic properties. Tackifiers frequently present most of both weight percentage and cost of the hot-melt adhesive.
• waxes, e.g. microcrystalline waxes, fatty amide waxes or oxidized Fischer-Tropsch waxes; increase the setting rate. One of the key components of formulations. Waxes lower the melt viscosity and can improve bond strength and temperature resistance.^[36]
• plasticizers (e.g. benzoates, e.g. 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol dibenzoate, glyceryl tribenzoate, or pentaerythritol tetrabenzoate, phthalates, paraffin oils, polyisobutylene, chlorinated paraffins, etc.)
• antioxidants and stabilizers (e.g. hindered phenols, BHT, phosphites, phosphates, hindered aromatic amines); added in small amounts (<1%), not influencing physical properties. These compounds protect the material from degradation both during service life, compounding and in molten state during application. Stabilizers based on functionalized silicones have improved resistance to extraction and outgassing.^[37]
• UV stabilizers, protecting the material against degradation by ultraviolet radiation
• pigments and dyes, glitter
• biocides where hindering bacterial growth is desired
• flame retardants
• antistatic agents
• fillers, for reducing cost, adding bulk, improving cohesive strength (forming an aggregate-matrix composite material) and altering properties; e.g. calcium carbonate, barium sulfate, talc, silica, carbon black, clays (e.g. kaolin).

Fugitive glues and pressure sensitive adhesives can also be available in hot-melt form.

Additives and polymers containing unsaturated bonds are highly prone to autoxidation. Examples include rosin-based additives. antioxidants can be used for suppressing this aging mechanism.

Addition of ferromagnetic particles, hygroscopic water-retaining materials, or other materials can yield a hot melt adhesive which can be activated by microwave heating.^[38]

Addition of electrically conductive particles can yield conductive hot-melt formulations.^[39]

Glue gun specifications and usage

Glue guns come in low-temperature and high-temperature (hot-melt) versions. Low-temperature glue guns operate at approximately 250 °F (121 °C) and are well suited when high temperatures are undesirable, such as gluing lace and cloth. High-temperature guns operate at approximately 380 °F (193 °C) and produce a stronger bond. Dual guns have a switch for both low- and high-temperature use.

In addition to bonding surfaces together, hot-melt glue can be used to fill gaps, but the properties that allow gap-filling (high viscosity, high toughness, and so on) keep it from forming an adhesive film as thin and smooth as is possible with other adhesives. (For example, a wood joint properly made with hide glue may be invisible, marked only by a difference in grain at the seam line.) Bonds must be made quickly before the glue has time to harden. Usually it must be applied accurately with the glue gun, as it can not easily be spread, but it is always possible at any time to melt and spread the glue with a heat gun or a household clothes iron, which helps when bonding larger areas.

Surprisingly, hot-melt glue can be used to assemble and repair foam models as an alternative to foam-safe Cyanoacrylate or UHU POR adhesive. Due to the insulating properties of the foam the hot-melt glue remains sticky for much longer than when used on wood, metal or plastics.

Another development of glue gun technology allows the user to 'spray' an area with a semi-pressure sensitive hot melt adhesive. Using compressed air to force the adhesive at a controlled rate through a specially developed glue gun nozzle, a spiral pattern of adhesive is applied. The tackiness of the adhesive / open time is limited to just a few minutes, after which the adhesive will lose its tack, so coverage is limited.

Applications

• Hot melt adhesives are used to close corrugated fiberboard boxes and paperboard cartons.
• Crafts in the home
• Assembly of parts in manufacturing
• Heat sometimes allows disassembly: Points of modern arrows, hockey sticks, etc.
• Assembly and repair of foam model aircraft and toys.
• Hot melt adhesive is used for disposable diaper construction where it is used to bond the nonwoven material with the backsheet and the elastics.
• Hot glue is also used to affix parts or wires in electronic devices.

References

External links

• Sealock Industrial Adhesives
• Bostik Industrial Adhesives
• Universal Adhesives
• Hot melt coating and laminating
• Development of a Marketable Low Application Temperature Hot Melt Adhesive Based on the Poly(ethylene n-butyl acrylate) Copolymer
• What Are Hot Melt Adhesives and What Industries Use Them?